count the character and create a histogram

Javascript
its value is taken directly from the execution context and without any scope chain lookup. "this" is not read from the scope chain as other variables are, but instead is reset on a context by context basis.
Four scenarios deserve special attention:

* Calling an Object’s Method
In typical object-oriented programming, we need a way of identifying and referring to the object that we’re currently working with. "this" keyword serves the purpose admirably, providing our objects the ability to examine themselves, and point at their own properties.

* Constructor - the new keyword
Likewise, when defining a function to be used as a constructor with the new keyword, "this" keyword can be used to refer to the object being created.

* Function Call
"this" keyword defaults to reference the most global thing it can: the window object.
If you understand this one principle of JavaScript’s this, you will understand the “this” keyword is not assigned a value until an object invokes the function where this is defined.

* Event Handler
For a more complicated twist on the normal function call, let’s say that we’re using a function to handle an onclick event. What does this mean when the event triggers our function’s execution? Unfortunately, there’s not a simple answer to this question.

Javascript does not have classes. If something looks like a class, it's a clever trick. Javascript has objects and functions. (that's not 100% accurate, functions are just objects, but it can sometimes be helpful to think of them as separate things)
The this variable is attached to functions. Whenever you invoke a function, this is given a certain value, depending on how you invoke the function. This is often called the invocation pattern.
There are four ways to invoke functions in javascript. You can invoke the function as a method, as a function, as a constructor, and with apply.

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